Factors regulating distribution of plants:
1. Climate factor:-
(a) Light: Light is well known for its effects on such basics physiological processes of plants as photosynthesis, transpiration, seed germination, flowering, etc.
Directly or indirectly light affects the plant's life in the following ways-
(A) Chlorophyll production: Some mosses and algae which may green even without light, most of the plants need light for chlorophyll formation. Thus the existence of other life forms, which depend upon plants for food is due to light.
(B) Heating action: Exposure of parts of the plants to light raises their temperature, which affects their related processes.
(C) Effect on transpiration rate: Indirectly light affects transpiration rates through an increase in temperature. Transition rates correspondingly affect water absorption also.
(D) Distribution of plants: Light conditions at poles are different from other parts of the earth. Thus the total amount of radiation received by the earth's surface differs with latitude (distance from the equator). This may be one of the reasons for differences in the vegetation at poles and other parts of the earth.
(b) Temperature: Temperature affects plants in various ways which are as follows,
(A) Effects on metabolism: All metabolic process is influenced by temperature. It affects photosynthesis and respiration rates. It affects seed germination also.
(B) Effects on reproduction: Flowering in plants is affected by temperature through thermoperiodism. Temperature is an important factor in the phenology of plants.
(C) Effects on growth and developement: Both extremely low and high temperatures have an adverse effect on the growth of the plants. Low temperature causes injuries like desiccation, chilling injury and freezing injury and high-temperature causes injuries like the final death of plants.
(c) Precipitation ( Rainfall): Precipitation is the chief source of soil water. The water available to plants comes as a result of rainfall. Rainfall occurs due to the interchange of water between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. This is known as the hydrologic cycle.
Annual rainfall determines the type of vegetation in any region. We find evergreen forests in tropical regions due to heavy rainfall throughout this year. Grasslands are found in such regions where there is heavy rainfall during summer and low rainfall during winter.
In our country, there are differences in the quantity of annual rainfall. Also, the rainfall is different in different seasons of the year is different. Therefore, vegetation types in different parts of the country are much different from each other.
In our country, there are differences in the quantity of annual rainfall. Also, the rainfall is different in different seasons of the year is different. Therefore, vegetation types in different parts of the country are much different from each other.
Only a part of the rainwater is used by the plants, the rest is lost in many ways like evaporation and runoff.
(d) Atmosphere: The term ''atmosphere'' here includes only the thick gaseous mantle surrounding the earth.
(e) The humidity of Air: It is one of the different forms of water in nature. Atmosphere moisture in the form of invisible vapor is known as humidity.
(f) Wind: Air in motion is called wind. It is an important ecological factor of the atmosphere, as it affects plants' life mainly on flat plains. The wind is directly involved in transpiration, in causing several types of mechanical damage. It also modifies the water relations and light conditions of a particular area.
2. Soil:- It is a basic natural resource. Man depends on plants and plants grow in soil. Soil, a mixture of many solid, liquid and gaseous substances, the soil is the source for the plant to grow.
(a) Minerals and organic matter: It is a mixture of mineral particles derived by varying degrees of break down of the parent material rock.
Soil is an organic matter. It is an organic component derived from long and short term addition of material from organisms growing above and below ground.
3. Physiology factor:- It including variation in altitude, the slope of rock, direction or placement of mountain valleys, etc.
4. Biotic factors:- Algae, Protozoa, Bacteria
5. Endemism: When a particular species is found in a part of the world, under natural conciliation is called endemic species and the phenomenon of occurrence of a species to a particular small area otherwise there existence is not found in other places is called endemism.
(A) Effects on metabolism: All metabolic process is influenced by temperature. It affects photosynthesis and respiration rates. It affects seed germination also.
(B) Effects on reproduction: Flowering in plants is affected by temperature through thermoperiodism. Temperature is an important factor in the phenology of plants.
(C) Effects on growth and developement: Both extremely low and high temperatures have an adverse effect on the growth of the plants. Low temperature causes injuries like desiccation, chilling injury and freezing injury and high-temperature causes injuries like the final death of plants.
(c) Precipitation ( Rainfall): Precipitation is the chief source of soil water. The water available to plants comes as a result of rainfall. Rainfall occurs due to the interchange of water between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. This is known as the hydrologic cycle.
Annual rainfall determines the type of vegetation in any region. We find evergreen forests in tropical regions due to heavy rainfall throughout this year. Grasslands are found in such regions where there is heavy rainfall during summer and low rainfall during winter.
In our country, there are differences in the quantity of annual rainfall. Also, the rainfall is different in different seasons of the year is different. Therefore, vegetation types in different parts of the country are much different from each other.
In our country, there are differences in the quantity of annual rainfall. Also, the rainfall is different in different seasons of the year is different. Therefore, vegetation types in different parts of the country are much different from each other.
Only a part of the rainwater is used by the plants, the rest is lost in many ways like evaporation and runoff.
(d) Atmosphere: The term ''atmosphere'' here includes only the thick gaseous mantle surrounding the earth.
(e) The humidity of Air: It is one of the different forms of water in nature. Atmosphere moisture in the form of invisible vapor is known as humidity.
(f) Wind: Air in motion is called wind. It is an important ecological factor of the atmosphere, as it affects plants' life mainly on flat plains. The wind is directly involved in transpiration, in causing several types of mechanical damage. It also modifies the water relations and light conditions of a particular area.
2. Soil:- It is a basic natural resource. Man depends on plants and plants grow in soil. Soil, a mixture of many solid, liquid and gaseous substances, the soil is the source for the plant to grow.
(a) Minerals and organic matter: It is a mixture of mineral particles derived by varying degrees of break down of the parent material rock.
Soil is an organic matter. It is an organic component derived from long and short term addition of material from organisms growing above and below ground.
3. Physiology factor:- It including variation in altitude, the slope of rock, direction or placement of mountain valleys, etc.
4. Biotic factors:- Algae, Protozoa, Bacteria
5. Endemism: When a particular species is found in a part of the world, under natural conciliation is called endemic species and the phenomenon of occurrence of a species to a particular small area otherwise there existence is not found in other places is called endemism.
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